![]() ![]() Using a case study in the Alaotra region, we examine the seasonal trends of climate and agricultural resource dynamics, as well as characterize farmers’ experiences of and strategies used in response to the hunger gap, in order to assess how conservation may better consider the hunger gap to align its objectives with local needs. With a population largely relying on agriculture, and high poverty and malnutrition rates continuously afflicting the country, farmers in Madagascar are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of the hunger gap, further putting pressure on already fragile ecosystems. Research Policy 38 (6): 971–983.The hunger gap (the annual period of hardship when most crops are growing but not yet ready for harvest) remains a reality for many smallholder farmers throughout the globe. How agricultural research systems shape a technological regime that develops genetic engineering but locks out agroecological innovations. What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?. University of California, Integrated Pest Management. The Spirit of the soil: Agriculture and environmental ethics. Why things bite back: Technology and the revenge of unintended consequences. Paul Ehrlich’s magic bullet concept: 100 years of progress. Carson’s silent spring: A reader’s guide. A concise history of antimicrobial therapy. The biotech century: Playing ecological roulette with mother nature's designs. Humans as the world’s greatest evolutionary force. In Health, disease, and causal explanation in medicine, ed. Environmental science: The way the world works. The role of medicine: Dream, mirage, or nemesis? Princeton: Princeton University Press. The structure of scientific revolutions., 2nd. Why epidemiologists cannot afford to ignore poverty. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. DDT and the American century: Global health, environmental politics, and the pesticide that changed the world. Lexington: The University of Kentucky Press. Beyond biotechnology: The barren promise of genetic engineering. Genetic pollution: A multiplying nightmare. The history of the ecosystem concept in ecology. Second opinion: An introduction to health sociology. Annual Review of Phytopathology 52: 377–402.įang, F.C., and A. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press.Įpstein, L. Mirage of health: Utopias, progress, and biological change. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 74 (3): 417–433.ĭubos, R. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. The McKeown thesis: A historical controversy and its enduring influence. Cambridge: Perseus Publishing.Ĭolgrove, J. Lords of the harvest: Biotech, big money, and the future of food. Golden age of insecticide research: Past, present, or future? Annual Review of Entomology 43 (1): 1–16.Ĭharles, D. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.Ĭasida, J., and G.B. Silent spring, fourteen-anniversary edition. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 4 (40): 302–311.Ĭarson, R. Causation models of disease in epidemiology. The Quarterly Journal of Medicine 103 (9): 721–724.īroadbent, A. Medical reductionism: Lessons from great philosophers. ![]() Frontiers in Microbiology 134 (1).īeresford, M.J. A brief history of the antibiotic era: Lessons learned and challenges for the future. The next chapter will apply these categories for criticisms of the magic bullet strategy to evaluate the two most widely used and profitable genetically engineered crops.Īminov, R. These investigations into the history, philosophy, and defects of the magic bullet strategy provide a framework for critically examining genetically engineered crops in terms of three categories: side effects, revenge effects, and balance between reductive and holistic strategies. The chapter concludes that, rather than rejecting the magic bullet strategy, we would do well to understand its defects and limitations. The second part of this chapter uses unintended consequences to critically examine and evaluate the magic bullet criticisms of biotechnology based on unintended consequences with the objective of determining where these criticisms provide insights and where they can mislead. Understanding the parallels and connections between biomedicine and agriculture provides for a deeper understanding of the genetic engineering debate. There are clear parallels in biomedicine and agriculture, which both overuse and misuse the magic bullet strategy, causing serious health and environmental problems. The first part of this chapter examines the historical origins of the magic bullet strategy in biomedicine. The search for magic bullets is a key element in the narrative of progress, and remains an important goal of biomedical and agricultural research. “Magic bullet” is a key term in the many critiques of agricultural biotechnology.
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